Hydrogels have been present for the major part of the century, and now these have many applications in different procedures going from mechanical/industrial to natural and biological. There are various unique papers, audits, and monographs concentrated on the union, properties, and uses of hydro gels. Hydro gels are manmade/synthetic substances that retain waterand hold it as a gell. They are utilized in dispos able diaper s, sanitary pad s, breast pad s, wound dressings, bosom embeds, and contact focal points. Hydro gels are additionally used to thick en/gel items, for example, bubble shower and lotion s and give them a silky, moisturizing feel. The hydro gel most usually utilizedin diaper s is sodium polyacrylate e. It is profoundly additional of expendable diapers to absorb pee and get dampness far from a child's skin, assisting with forestalling diaper rash. On the off chance that youcut open a dry diaper, you will discover heaps oflittle dabs blendedin with a soft mash. The se globules c an retain up to multiple times theirweight in pee. You may se e a portion ofthese gel dabs onyour infant's skin iffull diaper tears o pen.
Keywords: Hydrogel, Utamography, vascularization, Polymer science, Drug delivery, Tissue engineering, Cell therapy

MANET form on flat infrastructure with shared medium for communication.MANET improves quality of service by providing provision for mobile nodes to perform communication on slow links. In MANET, the nodes are mobile hence effective routing protocols are required to keep communication between nodes engaged. The quality of service in MANET depends on the type of routing protocol implemented and the occurrence of link failure between nodes. Furthermore, the routing protocols should also support scalability, as the MANETs are temporally deployed and may need expansion. This paper proposes Directional Probabilistic Flooding (DPF) optimized using Fish Swarm algorithm (FSA) to improve QOS. The performance of foresaid MANET routing protocols are compared with AODV, DSDV and Vector Based Directional Flooding (VDF) for analysis. The routing protocol was implemented and simulated using NS2 network simulator to study the impact of the newly proposed algorithm on various network parameters like connection success ratio, end to end delay, normalized throughput, energy consumption, and routing overhead.
Keywords: MANET, routing protocols, AODV, DSDV, VDF, DPR, DPRFSA.

In the present study, the volume compression is studied in magnesium oxide using different isothermal equations of state (EoS) under high pressure. The potential independent equations of state used for the analysis are Shanker EoS Suzuki EoS, modified Shanker EoSr, modified Suzuki EoS , and a recently formulated modified Suzuki EoS. The pressure values corresponding to different compressions are obtained using the models considered and compared with the experimental results and the results obtained using the first principle pseudo potential method. It is found that the results for volume compression are best studied using modified forms of Shanker and Suzuki EOS in comparison with the data available. The variation of bulk modulus and its first-order pressure derivative concerning pressure is studied using different models. The results obtained for Bulk modulus are compared with the available results of the first principle pseudo potential method. To choose the best EoS among these models, the mathematical consistency at initial boundary conditions of the models is tested in accordance with Stacey’s criteria. The trend of variation is found to be the same; however, the best results are described by an equation. It is found that EoS is mathematically consistent and satisfies the Stacey criteria well in the high-pressure range.
Keywords: Volume compression, Stacey criteria, Bulk modulus, Pressure, Equation of state.

As increase in population worldwide the automobile field had a tremendous growth as well as the essence of diesel or petrol was demanded, and it is observed that natural recourses were exhausting drastically on earth. There is another reason to think over bio fuels is that fossil fuels are hazardous to human as well as all creatures on earth. So these concerns raise the invention of bio fuels as substitute with low cost and efficient. In this paper mainly focused on efficiency parameters of diesel engine by opting three different seed oils (cotton, mahua and simarouba) as bio fuels. Trans-esterification is a technique which used here to made bio fuel from seeds which test out variation of catalyst, methanol, and ethanol. The major objective of this paper is to scrutinize the performance of diesel engine at different blends for obtaining brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and mechanical efficiency. And also a comparison was made on diverse properties like fire point, flash point and calorific value for cotton oil, mahua oil and simarouba oil against different blends.
Keywords: Trans-esterification, Thermal Efficiency, Fire Point and Flash Point, bio fuels, Renewable Fuel

Metals are diverse substances that are intricately entwined in human bodies. They make vital functions like respiration, circulation, reproduction etc. Malnutrition due to deficiencies of some metals is becoming a major public health issue in all the countries and affecting the major world population leading to huge loss in quality of human life. The dietary supplements are one solution but not a permanent as it doesn’t remove the problem from its root. Inculcating these deficient metals in natural diet with the concept of bio-fortification of crops is the best alternative to fight the menace with no side effects. In this review we will discuss about the effects of different metals (Zn, Fe, Se, Cu, and Mg etc) in human health, about their deficiency and how these deficiencies can be overcame by the process of bio-fortification.
Keywords: Bio-fortification, malnutrition, biotechnology, essential metals, food crops.

The research experimental work is undergone to find the substitute fuel for diesel to run the compression ignition (CI) engine at a higher performance with lower emission. The injection parameters of the engine like Injection Timing (IT) and Injection Opening Pressure (IOP) show a significant role in produce power and emission from the CI engines. This work mainly concentrates on finding out the effect of injection timings (17°, 19°, 21°, 23°, and 25° bTDC) and injection opening pressures (200, 220, and 240 bar) on engine characteristics by using methyl ester of waste vegetable oil 20 % in volume blend with diesel 80% in volume. The experimental results show a improvement of marginal in the brake of thermal efficiency (BTE) and decrease in emissions at an IT of 19° bTDC and IOP of 220 bar. The NOx emission reduced by the retarded IT of 17° bTDC is 41.8% as compared withthe diesel at standard IT. Hence these experimental results reveal that implementing the retarded IT with higher IOP achieves improved performance and lowered emissions.
Keywords: Injection Timing, Injection Opening Pressure, Combustion characteristics, emission characteristics, Performance Characteristics, Compression Ignition Engine.

Structural optimization plays a vital role in the mechanical system. It is a process of determining the best design shape of the structural part. For the best shape of the structural part, it should satisfy the following criteria such as maximum strength, maximum rigidity, minimal displacement, minimal cost, and minimum weight. The establishment of structural materials parameters such as performance and life limits depend on fear of failure.The vital parameters for the optimization design of mechanical components are intricate design constraints and the mixed type design variables (i.e. continuous, discrete, and integer). The design of complex structural parts with force performance using structural topology and size co-optimization and lightweight design method. To calculate the parts performance and the force routines, a complex structural part with supporting functions is designed and mapped to the force transmission under the consideration of structural configuration and the constraints and force exerted areas are taken as connecting structure. The multi-objective optimization method is used to design the optimum design of the characteristic parameters and the dynamic and static performances on connection configuration in the connecting structure design model development and optimization. Based on the proposed multi-objective optimization design method, the cooperative firefly algorithm (CFA) is presented. The work evaluates the performance of the existing Rao design optimization algorithm for selected mechanical system components.Nevertheless, in this method, the size and shape of the structural part are directly proportional to machines performance in terms of static and dynamic condition and the structural design optimization performance is complicated. It is an essential design of low cost, lightweight, and high-performance structure of rack parts.The proposed work combines a light-weight design and multi-objective optimization strategy for mechanical system designs to mitigate these issues. Forcomplex parts, optimal structure, and performance with the lightweight, the multi-objective optimization design method with the cooperative firefly algorithm (CFA) is proposed.From the proposed work, the parameters such as size characteristics and reasonable structural unit configuration are obtained.
Keywords: Complex mechanical system components, Lightweight design, Force routine, Multi-objective optimization, Cooperative firefly algorithm (CFA).

3D printing is a best in class technique for assembling parts in computerized models for material development approach. This assembling technique create parts in a with high precision.This 3D printer is aimed at the design and fabrication of Fused DepositionModellingTechnologyina costefficientwayusing off the shelf components. FDM 3D printingworks both horizontally and vertically with extrusion nozzlemoves over a built platform. The process includes the utilization of thermoplastic material that reaches melting point and is then constrained out to make a 3D object layer by layer. As the design takes shape, it is apparent to see each layer as a horizontal cross section. This technology allows the creation of detailed and intricate objects that would take much more to produce by conventional methods.
Keywords: 3D Printing, Fused Deposition Modelling, Thermoplastic, Extrusion Nozzle, Layer by Layer.

Present era has enormous scope of metal hydrides in almost every fields of engineering, the scope of research in this field is extensive for researchers and there is always a way for little optimization. In the recent past, so much innovation and inventions had been made on the bed rock of application of metal hydrides, large number of industries had shifted their conventional need to advance Metal hydrides products. The remarkable properties of metal hydrides make a room for difference from different substance which is presently utilized in the place of metal hydride. Due to the personage properties of metal hydrides their application is really gigantic. This article will focus upon the application of metal hydrides in automobile cooling system, which has enormous possibility of replacing conventional and obsolete Oil and based cooling system in automobiles. Further this article envisages lots of pros and cons of metal hydrides applications and tries to plot a worthy comparison between the conventional Oil and Air based cooling system with dignitary Metal hydrides based cooling system. The present article will also draw spot light on the recent advancements that have been made in the achieving optimized composition of Metal hydrides so that, properties of such composition may be increased to many fold.
Keywords: Air Cooled Engines, PCT, Metal hydrides Properties, Thermal Cooling, Green environment

In design of antenna arrays, one of the most important parameter is sidelobe level (SLL). High sidelobes are major drawback as they result in overall performance which degrades the overall system performance.Some of the applications, single element antennas are not able to have the required gain or radiation pattern so combining several single array antenna elements can reduce the problem.Large antenna arrays are designed with an intention to increase directivity; here most of the energy will be maintained in the main beam. This implies that the radiation should be minimized in remaining other directions. Antenna arrays designed with low SLLs find several applications in radar, satellite communications, and remote sensing and radio astronomy etc. In order to minimize the side lobes in the radiation pattern, different methods may be used. Here, for the reduction of side lobes, we apply windowing techniques. In this paper some of the windowing techniques used are Blackman, Hamming, Taylor and Chebyshev windowing techniques. Among these techniques which will be the best suitable to reduce the side lobes will be compared in detail. So here compare the mainlobe widths and the sidelobes of windows with their functions and parameters.
Keywords:  Side lobe level, antennas, directivity, windowing techniques,hamming

Moving object detection, recognition of absolute objects and tracking of fast moving objects are found essential elements in human machine interacted vision applications that include identification of objects, inspection of traffic, and industry automation. In this paper, we aim to implement robust moving vehicle object detection and tracking algorithm that used to detect fast paced moving objects in variety of challenging real time fast moving applications such as traffic surveillance. For detection of moving object, we use Gaussian Mixture Models based Background Subtraction Algorithm (BSAGMM). The incorporated operation based on Morphology on the foreground mask to eradicate the unwanted noise elements. Kalman Filter (KF) is used for motion based tracking. The foreground detector helps to find segmentation of moving objects. Finally, blob analysis detects cluster of connected pixels, which are likely to correspond to moving objects.
Keywords: Background Subtraction, Blob Analysis, BSAGMM, Gaussian Mixture Models, Kalman Filter, Morphology, Surveillance

In-home automation systems, sound recognized by the system becomes the basis to perform certain tasks. However, it is very challenging to use conventional methods for audio classification for event prediction leading to inappropriate responses. For handlingsuch problems, recent work introduced convolution neural networks (CNN) to classifying audio streams. But in that work classification provides lesser accuracy. To overcome this issue, this work proposes a framework, which consists of a wireless sensor network (WSN), for sensing audio events and the machine learning method for sound classification phase by usingEntropy-Based Balanced CNN. Particle swarm optimization is used for optimizing the CNN parameters. Experimental results demonstrate the proposed method’s effectiveness in terms of accuracy, end to end delay, and packet delivery ratio.
Keywords: Wireless sensor network, Audio stream, Classification, Machine learning, Convolution neural networks (CNN).

In recent times, several researchers have immensely involved in conquering the propagation of spiteful rumors that often occurs in social networks (SN). There is a necessity to abolish these kinds of rumors, once it has identified, due to its massive impact across society, such as making political conflicts, transposing the opinions of general-public, and deteriorating their belief over the governments. In this study, the classifiers, namely Adaboost, Particle Swarm Optimization with Adaboost (PSO-Adaboost), random forest, KNN and naïve bayes have considered being used for rumor impact reduction from the dataset. However, many of these datasets seem to be imbalanced, i.e. some of them are same type which may extensively huge in quantity and some are exclusive. Also, the classifier performance has the chance to get enormously influenced by this imbalanced characteristic of the dataset. For resolving this issue, the SMOTE method has employed in this work, besides the Semi-Supervised Clustering Algorithm (SSCA) takes place to evade the problem of rumor propagation, in which the SNs analysis-driven information have gathered. This research work tend to reduce both the circulation and impact of these rumor in SNs. Empirical findings represent the efficiency of the proposed methodologies to attain the optimal performance over dataset of real-world Twitter, which is superior to other modern approaches, in terms of the tasks involved in rumor detection and early detection.
Keywords: Semi Supervised Clustering Algorithm, Class imbalance, naïve bayes, random forest, KNN, Adaboost and PSO-Adaboost method.

Synthesis of nanoparticles is quite challenging and a lot of research has been done on this due to its unique properties. The diameter of nanoparticles is lies in between 1-100 nanometers. Nanoparticles have several advantages like improved bioavailability and delivering drug at a particular location in the body along with improved resistance time in body. Synthesis of nanoparticles is very important as they play crucial role in pollution control system, photoconversion devices and bioconversion systems. There are different types of nanoparticles such as quantum dots, quantum sheets, carbon nanotube, fullerene based, etc. In this review article, brief discription about synthesis of nanoparticles has been described i.e, synthesis of gold, silver, nickel, ferrites, alloys of cobalt and iron as well as green synthesis of nanoparticles by using wet chemical methods.
Keywords: 

Underwater acoustic communication (UAC) is an arrangement of transmitting and receiving data underneath the water. There are numerous strategies to adventure such associations, but each model has most customarily utilizing hydrophones. The UAC is complex to communicate because of multipath propagation, time-varying nature, less to be had the bandwidth, and signal attenuation. Increasing demand for bandwidth, efficiency, spatial diversity, and performance of underwater acoustic communication has opened doors for the use of Multi-Input and Multi-Output (MIMO). Multicarrier modulation in the form of OFDM is used to facilities the high-rate transmission over long dispersive channels, while multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques increase the system capacity. A combination of MIMO and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has proved to be a promising solution for many scenarios in UWA communication. the designs are differentiated based on the complexity and overall performance of optimizations be verified based on different modulations schemes for feature investigation. The entire UAC channel, receivers are developed and verified by using MATLAB software, observe the probability of error, signal to noise ratio, and detection probability.
Keywords: Underwater communication (UAC), MIMO, OFDM, channel estimation,Acoustic.

In 4th mobile communication, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing–Interleave Division Multiple Access (OFDM–IDMA) system is a key technology. For OFDM systems, an important issue is optimal pilot design since channel estimation performance is affected significantly. For pilot design process, a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is designed in previous system. However, in high-dimensional space, PSO algorithm may fall into local optimum and in iterative process, it has low convergence rate.For solving this problem, a Step size -Glowworm Swarm Optimization (DS-GSO) isdesigned based on dimension algorithm and it can also be used for designing optimal pilot. The pilot positions are optimized using DS-GSO algorithm, for enhancing Least Squares (LS) algorithm’s performance in channel estimation, which is a major contribution of this work. The DS-GSO algorithm’s fitness function corresponds to MSE’s upper bound, for decreasing system complexity. With respect to Mean Square Error (MSE), Bit Error Rate (BER), better performance is achieved using proposed system as shown in experimental results.
Keywords: Pilot design, Channel State Information (CSI), Bit Error Rate (BER), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Swarm Optimization.

In recent days the automation in industries becomes a major issues, there are huge number of ways available for the automation. Internet based automation is the simplified and effective method by utilizing the internet and web based application protocols. An embedded based system will be used to communicate the system with the internet server and performs the automation. Web based automation is the closed loop control technique of the industries with the data logger, precision control and wide range communication. The android application is designed by a MQTT protocol with the user interfaces like display, switch control, and indicators etc.
Keywords: MQTT, WSN, Android Application, ADC, IOT, Automation.

Wireless sensor networks perform a significant role in sensing and monitoring of forest areas. LoRa's low-power, long-range, wide-area network infrastructure uses CSS (Chirp Distributed Spectrum) that offers a new perspective to forest surveillance and sensing, opening new horizons for the forestry applications. An experimental study of the wireless communication properties of LoRa in forest lands is performed, which could be useful in forestry applications. Influence of various data packet lengths and different antenna heights, which had a significant effect on the transmitting characteristics in a forest, are examined in the study. The findings indicate that LoRa technology has a good transmission characteristic in the woods and can act as a key technology for environmental monitoring and sensing in the forest.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, LoRa, LoRaWAN, Environmental Monitoring, Link Performance.

Today, the software defined radio-based applications and modern communication system requires a Trans recipient comprising of a totally programmable circuit which modulates and demodulates. CORDIC algorithm is the process that does not require memory to generate modulators and demodulators. Instead of utilizing multiplier, the CORDIC algorithm evaluates only the shifter and adder operations and thus it is considered as a flexible algorithm. This algorithm is also mainly utilized for digital signal processing and VLSI (Very large-scale integration). In this a Universal modulator based on CORDIC algorithm has been implemented in Verilog-HDL, for digital communication applications. This paper focuses on analysis and simulation of BPSK (Binary phase shift keying), BFSK (Binary frequency shift keying), BASK (Binary amplitude shift keying) modulation scheme utilizing DDS (direct digital synthesis) based on CORDIC algorithm. The modulator accepts digitized carrier and modulating signals and produces BASK, BPSK, BFSK signals, according to the modulating signal. A MENTOR Graphic software is used to generate the layout of the analyzed parameters. By using Verilog descriptive language, the entire simulation is performed on Xilinx-ISE and Modelism.
Keywords: Very large-scale integration, CORDIC Algorithm, Universal Modulator, Direct Digital Synthesis, Digital Modulation, MENTOR Graphic software

Agriculture is our main source of livelihood and the basis of our land. Given the current challenges of water scarcity, uncontrolled costs due to supply and demand and climate uncertainty, farmers need to be equipped with smart farming. In particular, climate change, low irrigation equipment, declining soil fertility and the use of traditional farming methods need to address the problem of low crop yields. Soil is an important parameter that affects the prognosis of yield. Soil nutrient analysis helps farmers and soil analysts to get higher crop yields as per earlier advice. Machine learning (ML) is a technique of estimating crop yields in agriculture. In this article, data for pilot setup was collected from real-time data sets. Includes soil samples for crops. In this study, five supervised ML techniques namely K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Multinomial Logistic Regression, Naïve Bayes, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Random Forest have been smeared on the together data. To assess the performance of each technique under study; five different parameters have been evaluated, that are briefly disused in result section.Experiments were accepted out to find out the most exact methodology for assessing crop yields.
Keywords: 

In this paper, a consistent technical survey of the useful optimization methods to building a highly efficient antenna that can be used for numerous applications will be done. Initially, the paper will discuss briefly the normal industrial applications of the antennas and the different simulating softwares used for the antennas. Thereafter, there will be a brief discussion on the necessity, goal and significance of the optimization for the antennas. After that, various antenna post parameters (some of them are taken as individually or few are interrelated) to illustrate the working of antenna are analyzed. A range of some important post parameters have been optimized in the different literatures and further them will be reviewed. Lastly, this paper will discuss some of the typical quotidian (classical) optimization techniques and the modern nature based optimization techniques (along with their merits and demerits) used for the antennas in detail.
Keywords: 

Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) is a method of assessing the likelihood and impact of an adverse occurrence as a result of stresses or changes in environmental conditions caused by human activity. Bayesian Networks (BNs) are moderately very much perceived to be a beneficial strategy for various kinds of environmental models. This paper is focused on utilizing Bayesian Network to deal with the restrictions of Fault Tree (FT) and the uncertainty of the disaster and utilized the capacity of BNs represent to the dependence failure. Its aim is to look for optimal courses of action under uncertainty by minimizing possible losses while searching for sustainable use of the environment. The comparison of the two methodologies is administrated through a reliability analysis example, taken from the literature that consists of an airplane radar system."
Keywords: Bayesian Network; Environmental Models; Fault Tree; Reliability Analysis; Airplane Radar System

Recently, the science, media and general public received enormous attention on artificial materials, metamaterials and plasmonic media, following new ideas and proposals on their potential use in a range of applications, such as cloaking. Here we review and highlight some of the available solutions for invisibility and cloaking, which are based on different frequencies of metamaterials and plasmon. We summarize some of the different cloaking mechanisms in the literature.
Keywords:  Metamaterial, DNG, Cloaking, RCS, Optical, Electromagnetic

The aim of the study in this paper is to compare the experimental data and the economic parameters of two solar systems. fixed-axis solar system has one solar panel with nominal peak power (300W), while the single-axis tracker system has one solar panel with nominal peak power (310W), The fixed and tracker systems are connected with MG tie inverter. The electrical power output monitored online for one month from October 24, 2017 to November 24, 2017. This solar tracker system works based on the output power produced by the PV module mounted to it. It does not use any optical sensors to turn the PV module. The location of the Sun is mathematically computed based on location, date and local time information. Since these solar panels will be mounted at the Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan, so it’s latitude and longitude are always fixed. The pv tracker system was verified and the results have presented that the output power from the solar module improved by placing it straight upright to the sun to obtain the concentrated sunlight strength. The procedure was planned by Arduino microcontroller. The results of the system was verified and equated with fixed pv panel. The output taken for one month (period study) have shown that the average conversion efficiency for single axis solar tracker system is equal 14.95%, while for fixed-axis solar system is equal 15.27%.The results obtained from this work were compared with data for dual axis tracker related to another study.
Keywords: single-axis PV Tracker, dual-axis PV Tracker, Final Yield, Conversion Efficiency, Arduino ADK controller, solar time algorithm, micro-grid inverter, SAT, DAT.

The economic wind turbine blade design is the foremost requirement for industries these days. An airfoil is the cross-sectional profile of the blade which affects the energy capturing performance and shows the aerodynamic behaviour of the blade. It induces suction on the upper surface of the blade so that lift can be generated so that the blade can rotate efficiently. Most of the researchers are focusing on the designing and the development of the airfoil for low wind speed regions so that the wind turbines can rotate more efficiently, and more amount of electric power can be generated. This paper focuses on the comparative study of previous airfoil designs from NACA, NREL and Selig series for low speed regions and designing of the new special airfoil. In total nine airfoils were selected for the comparative study out of which five airfoils were selected for further analysis. The new special airfoil named G4510 was designed to increase the aerodynamic performance of the wind turbines for low speed regions. Q-BLADE software was employed for the designing and X-Foil analysis of the airfoil. The analysis was carried out for the wind speed range between 2 m/s to 6 m/s at 1.5111e-5 m2 /s as kinematic viscosity at 20˚ atmospheric temperature. Reynolds number was calculated based on this wind speed range and comes out to be in the range of 3.0x104 to 9.0x104. X-Foil analysis of the newly designed airfoil named G4510 stated that the overall performance indicated by glide ratio (Cl/Cd) value has been increased as compared to other selected airfoils having range from 9% to 15% for the giving Reynolds number. The design consideration shows the effective design parameters. According to which the Cl and Cl/Cd or the glide ratio of the new airfoil has been fairly increased. The Cl value of G4510 was increased to 1.15 from 0.9 for NACA 2412 at Re 30,000 and 1.48 from 1.4 for NACA 4412 at Re 60,000. It has been observed the Stall formation moves towards the leading edge of the airfoil when the angle of attach is increased. Pressure points have been identified on the airfoil at different angle of attack at different Re varying from 30,000 to 90,000. It has been noticed that the angle of attack decreases as the value of Re increases.
Keywords: Wind turbine, speed, pressure, Reynolds number, Airfoils

In recent days, the rapid growth of digital images systems need large database. From these large database, to access the visual content of the images is the efficient way for retrieving and seeking of the images. In order to that the computer vision techniques gives image retrieval based on their visual content that can refer as ‘Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR)’. It provides best solution for retrieving the similar images efficiently from the large collection of images in the database. For this image retrieval based on their content might refer the features such as texture, shape, region, color or any other content which is described from the image. By our proposed CBIR system combines both texture and color features. On the basis of this the CBIR system is used to extract the color and texture content of the database images as well as the query image and stored in the database as feature vector. The feature vector has been created by using HSV histogram, color moments, and color auto-correlogram of the color feature and Wavelet Transform (WT), Gabor Wavelet Transform (GWT) of the texture feature. Moreover, to measure the image texture by using the matrix of color co-occurrence as well as to incorporate both texture and color description in a form of histogram by using (CEDD) ‘Color and Edge Directivity Descriptor’ feature to enhance the performance of the retrieval. Further, this proposed approach using ‘Support Vector Machine‘ (SVM) for classifying the image that can reveals the best output to retrieving the imagesin CBIR system. Various distance metrics technique such as Euclidean, City block, Mahalanobis and Murkowski has been used to calculate similarity distance and also the experimental results gives the comparison of these metrics. The experiments are performed using coral database that contain 1000 images indexed from 0 to 999 as 10 different classes. The Experimental results of this combined feature extraction reveals the best precision, recall and enhance the accuracy of the retrieval than the ideal feature extraction. In this fused feature extraction algorithm has been extended for making CBIR applications that can be related with green communication such as automatic inspection system, online-business with networking technologies, applications of crime prevention, medical diagnosis etc.
Keywords: CBIR, Wavelet Transform, Gabor Wavelet Transform, SVM, HSV histogram, Color moments, color co-occurrence, color auto-correlogram.

This paper describes a soft-computing-based station space scheme to cut energy consumption in energy-sensitive wireless networks. The Big Bang Big Crunch (BBBC) meta-heuristic method is applied to select the optimal position for a station sensor use area for uniform energy distribution with a delay in transmission network. Energy use was compared to random algorithms LEACH, LEACH-C. A variety of factors taken to compare network life in the form of number of cycles, sum of unresponsive nodes and amount of information directed to BS disturb the performance of a direction-finding scheme in a WSN.
Keywords: Routing Algorithm, base station positioning, Big Bang Big Crunch, WSN, optimal solution

Green technologies are developed nowadays to reduce road accidents and ensure the safety of transportation in modern urban areas. Due to the increased road hazards, the losses of human life are reaching uncertain levels. Lack of awareness and safety technologies are major facts that cause accidents. Driver posture monitoring is the one major cause that improves safety that saves the loss of human life. The system designed with a special seat with sensors integrated into the microcontroller which alarm that produces the warning for the corrected posture of driving. The other parameters such as driver fatigue, drowsiness, and reduced fitness lead to a change in posture. The warning system develops the alarm whenever an abnormal posture is detected. The data are processed using a microcontroller that determines abnormal events. The system works based on Arduino Uno microcontroller and communicates data to a remote terminal as short message. The system improves the ergonomics of the driver by enhancing road safety.
Keywords: Green transportation, posture, ergonomic, seat sensor,Road Accident

Long-term monitoring of forest fires with distributed sensors is an exact but demanding application that requires low-cost, low-maintenance sensors with long long-life which can be quickly deployed and can identify errors. The paper presents a generic, scalable readily deployable long term and low maintenance, forest fire detection system with a focus on the core design requirements and optimisations of all elements that form the basis of a low-cost WSN device prototype. The gateway was built with extra resources (solar panel) to support high energy sensor and tasked with data gathering from the sensor nodes on LoRa channels and forward the same via GPRS on the application server. The system was tested with 7 sensor nodes, and one gateway in a test forest of 15 Ha with different conditions to mimic fire events (normal condition, fire in the testbed, destroyed nodes) and sensor data was observed on admin interface over the application server.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, LoRa, LoRaWAN, Environmental Monitoring, Fire tracking Forest Fire detection.

The brain tumour is an abnormal development of cells within the skull. The most horrific forms of cancer include malignant brain tumours, with direct effects such as cognitive decay and reduced quality of life. MRI analysis is the common technique for the identification of brain tumours. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging). In this paper, the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was used to identify tumours via brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images. Pictures were first added to CNN. Brain tumour detection methods for MR images are analysed along with the strengths and difficulties faced in detecting different types of brain tumours. Present classification and detection methods often put emphasis on the benefits and drawbacks of medical imaging techniques in each modality. The survey presented here aims to diagnose and classify brain tumours to extract important characteristics for brain tumour types and to distinguish different methods of classifying brain diseases successfully. The manuscript covers the most critical techniques on the identification of MRI images of the brain tumour.
Keywords: Brain tumour, Medical imaging techniques, Brain Diseases, magnetic resonance imaging and convolutional neural network

Grain production for any country’s economy plays a vital role. For this sake, the requirement for methods which are efficient and safe for increasing the crop yield is increasing. The modern computer science is one of the efficient tool for this purpose. The tools which uses the techniques of advanced artificial intelligence and image processing are highlighted in this paper. These methods achieve highly efficient results for the detection of diseases using the images of leaves, seeds or crop field. In this context, the work presents a review that aims for precision agriculture for the high production of one of the most important crop in the world: RICE. In this paper comparison of 30 papers published in last eight years with different approaches related with crop disease detection, seedlings health, and grain quality are presented. From the results of the review the possibility for the identification of the opportunities available for the detection of Rice crop diseases increases.
Keywords: Grain production, Farming, Economy, Rice Crop Disease, Review

In the contemporary era, technological innovations such as Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing and fog computing paved way for new opportunities in healthcare industry. It led to the growing research on remote patient monitoring which improves quality of life of people besides reducing death rate significantly. Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) play crucial role in realizing such technology driven systems that leverage in patient monitoring. Integrating WBANs with fog and cloud infrastructure makes it viable and successful for remote monitoring. Unfortunately, WBANs in healthcare industry are under constant threat of jamming attacks which hinders the green communication and provisioning of Quality of Service (QoS). Since wireless networks share a common medium, adversaries exploit it to launch jamming attacks with ease by emitting radio frequency signals that do not comply with MAC protocol. Jamming attacks have potential to severely affect operations in healthcare units where WBANs are integrated with IoT technology. Unless, they are prevented, the routing protocols suffer from deterioration of QoS. In this paper, we considered a fog-enabled system model Where multiple WBANs can co-exist as part of underlying healthcare systems and can communicate efficiently with less energy consumption. The objective is to ensure a green communication environment where energy Consumptionfor communication is minimized in all branches of communication. Problem formulation is made with different kinds of jamming attack models. Then we proposed two algorithms namely Signal Strength and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) based Jammer Detection (SSPDR-JD) and Location and PDR based Jammer Detection (LPDR-JD). The former is based on signal strength and PDR while the latter is based on location and PDR. These two algorithms run in every node so as to prevent jamming attacks. We made a simulation study with NS-2 and found that the proposed jamming attack detection models could improve QoS of fog-enabled WBANs by preventing different jamming attacks.
Keywords: Fog-enabled WBANs, Efficient Routing, Advanced Jamming Attacks, QoS, Jammer Detection Models

Robotics is currently within an infantile period of invention which crosses engineering restrictions which are standard. The application demands knowledge of mechanical engineering, technology and technology and mathematics and the matter of robots. New technology areas, including technology have been recognized to handle the intricacy of factory automation and the robotics. This paper will reveal quite a few of those arms on the ground and will exhibit the parts of the arm and also the mechanisms. A number of the sections will reveal the classification of robotics generally to gain understanding of robotics, like classes, method and program location of control. Design issues go to be shown as the total amount of connectivity level, redundancy along with mobility. The traits of this hybrid arm's structure and also there is a demand while inside the use of buildings are reviewed.
Keywords: Robotics, Industrial applications, Arms, Classifications, Review

The main aim of heat exchanger is to transfer heat from one liquid to another liquid. The temperature control of a thermal medium has a significant importance in preventing economy loss. Thus, an efficient model to limit heating cost is realized by providing an effective control system that restricts power required to operate these tasks. In order to control the temperature of heat exchanger’s outlet PI controller which gives slow response is used. Due to this drawback Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) is used and to improve the performance. Furthermore, PSO technique is used to optimize the controller parameters of PI controller. This algorithm provides quick good quality solution. The proposed work also includes CRONE controller to control the temperature of hot water outlet. The performance of Heat Exchanger mechanism using Proportional-Intergral-Derivative controller (PID), Fuzzy, Fraction order PID controller (FOPID) is compared with CRONE controller. This CRONE methodology consists of three different kinds of generations. To obtain better performance, third generation CRONE control strategy is used which is more effective than other types of generation.
Keywords: PI controller, Fuzzy Logic controller, Particle Swam Optimization, CRONE controller, Particle swarm optimization.

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Acoustic passive target tracking has been research topic of interest from decades. A real-time Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) to submarine passive acoustic target tracking modalities by using a sonar array, in which signal processing methods are used to estimate the target motion parameters(TMP). The aim is to track the underwater target using noisy passive sonar bearing and elevation measurements. The Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) nonlinear filtering algorithm is proposed, that reduces the noise in measurements and estimates the actual state of target. UKF uses sigma point approach that increases the accuracy up to 3rd order of Taylor series expansion. From Monte Carlo simulation results, the performance of filter will be analyzed using MATLAB software.
Keywords: Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV), Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF), Passive target tracking, Statistical signal processing, Estimation Theory.

Electric vehicles being emission free, noiseless and having high performance are going to make a huge impact in the automobile industry. Automobile sector is one of the key aspects that drive the economic growth particularly in developing nations. A shift towards the Electric Vehicle (EV) will come sooner and faster with the demise of petrol and diesel vehicles, and advancement in battery technology. It is also needed to match the convenience of gasoline vehicles to stable the market for EV’s. Electric vehicles offer many advantages over conventional vehicles. Hybrid-Electric vehicles reduces the noise pollution as it is not equipped with combustion engine rather uses an electric induction motor and invertors. This book chapter gives an overview about the evolution of electric vehicles and the main composition of the vehicle. It discusses about the comparisons between different charging techniques and batteries for power source. This book chapter reflects how the use of electrically driven vehicles may reduce the harmful emissions in environment. It throws a light on basic aspects that are important in the building of an electric vehicle and the aftertime research in this domain.
Keywords: EV, Hybrid Vehicles, Electric Battery, Propulsion system, Regenerative braking

In underwater tracking the target submarine without knowing the range measurement is very challenging task. The aim is to detect, localize, and track target submarine. To track the motion parameters of target in the deep sea environment using Bearing and Elevation in passive mode and to reduce the noise and estimate the position of the target. The noise in the measurements in the ocean is very high, the turning rate of the platforms is low and the speed of the platforms compared to the air missiles is also low. So, to reduce the noise in measurements and estimate the position of the target, Modified Gain Extended Kalman Filter (MGEKF) non-linear filter is used. Using MATLAB software for several typical scenarios with range, speed and course monitoring, Monte-carlo simulated results are shown and analyzed. The results indicate that this algorithm is appropriate for 3D passive underwater target tracking using measurements of bearings and elevations.
Keywords:  Modified Gain Extended Kalman Filter (MGEKF), Monte-carlo simulation, target tracking, underwater environment, stasctical signal processing

The performance of laminated plates under in-plane dynamic loading was investigated and it is presented in this paper. A laminated plate using variable fiber spacing (VFS) was modeled numerically to obtain the geometric nonlinearity through using eight-node isoparametric quadrilateral elements with nine-degree of freedom per node. To solve the dynamic equilibrium equations, the consistent matrix and damping property were considered in addition to Newmark integration method. Fiber spacing, initial geometric imperfection, damping factor, and type of in-plane loading were considered in nonlinear dynamic analysis. A new cosine fiber distribution function was introduced and compared with existing functions under dynamic load with different variations of volume fraction. Then, the optimal response of the plate was selected to study the effect of damping ration, initial curvature, and loading type. The present results show that the nonlinear dynamic behavior of laminated composite plate with variable spacing is very sensitive to the variations of volume fraction along with the plate and function of fiber’s distribution.
Keywords: Composite plate, dynamic load, damping, fiber distribution, nonlinear analysis

A framework for the keen reception apparatus can be executed utilizing QR decay based recursive RLS count using Givens Rotation. For the QRD-RLS estimation and QR factorization, the re-establishment results are picked up for the gliding point similarly as the settled point models. A general building will be made in MATLAB for four sensor parts and is then duplicated. Adaptable weight figure ring using the arls computation is a settled in system for banner taking care of uses, for instance, beamforming ,evening out ,cutting edge predistortion .In this part we have discussed QRD-RLS count and CORDIC based QR breaking down .we use CORDIC to reduce the execution cost.
Keywords: MATLAB,MIMO,LMS,CORDIAC,ULA etc.